There are roughly two streams of organizational theory. One is the classical theory, which pursues the scientific, rational, and efficient management of organizations and people. It developed with a particular interest in labor productivity at the individual level. The other is a behavioral perspective that examines conduct within a system.
1. Scientific Management
- Setting a maximum daily workload
- Standardization of working conditions and tools
- Providing high rewards for success
- Holding people accountable for failure
- Raising skill and efficiency through the division and specialization of tasks
Applying the principles above gives the following
- Taylor
1) Maximizing the use of educational facilities
2) Reducing the number of staff to a minimum in order to keep their work efficiency as high as possible
3) Eliminating waste of resources in education as much as possible
4) The need for division of labor in educational administration
- Bobbitt
1) Clearly setting the goals of the individual school
2) Having staff cooperate, centered on the principal, to achieve common goals
3) Selecting and mastering the best teaching methods
4) Clear standards must be established regarding teachers' qualities and qualifications
5) The faithful carrying out of preliminary training as well as various in-service training is needed
2. Bureaucracy
- Duties are distributed in a fixed manner
- Controlled by strict rules that are applied uniformly
- No personal feelings; high rationality
1) Hierarchy of authority -> enables strict compliance and coordination / hinders communication
2) Division of labor and specialization -> strengthens expertise / boredom in non-specialized areas
3) Rules and regulations -> implements continuity and uniformity / organizational rigidity
4) Career orientation -> an incentive system / conflict between achievement and seniority
5) Impersonality -> rational / lowered morale
3. Human Relations Theory
- It was found that psychological satisfaction, a sense of belonging to or participation in the group, and human and social factors have a greater influence on work efficiency than physical conditions such as rest, snacks, or pay raises. -> Human factors such as personal and social emotions and attitudes are more effective for improving productivity.
1) Increasing job satisfaction and improving the quality of instruction by satisfying the needs for belonging and esteem
2) Emphasizing the role, norms, and functions of the informal organizations that exist among teachers
3) Advocating democratic leadership, decision-making through active participation, an emphasis on the service-oriented nature of administration, valuing human relations, and humanistic supervision
4. The Social System Model within Behavioral Science Theory
A theory that studies how humans behave within a social system.
1) The role-personality interaction model: In organizations where the organization's purpose is valued over the individual, such as the military or civil service, the influence of role is greater than that of personality, whereas in groups of artists, individual disposition is seen to have a greater influence on social behavior.
2) The Getzels-Guba model: A social system is a social unit composed of a collection of individuals, and human behavior appears as the result of interaction between the normative dimension and the psychological-individual dimension. (individual, institution, role, personality, role expectation, need-disposition)
5. Learning Organizations and Learning Communities
1) Learning organization
- The creation, acquisition, and transfer of knowledge among members occurs well, leading to behavioral change and improved performance.
- The results of individual learning can be expanded to the organizational level; knowledge and information are shared
- An atmosphere of trust and cooperation
- All staff proactively take risks and are participatory
- They strive to develop expertise and share a vision and goals
- There are disciplines that make an effective organization
a) Through systems thinking, one must understand cyclical and dynamic relationships.
b) Through personal mastery, one must continuously develop individual abilities.
c) Through mental models, one must detect and correct outdated practices and biases.
d) By sharing a vision, one must strive to achieve the goals, values, and vision the organization pursues.
e) Team learning must take place.
2) Learning community
- Sharing of values and vision
- Sharing decision-making authority through supportive and shared leadership.
- Collective learning and its application
- Sharing of teaching activities among individual teachers
- Building a supportive environment
6. Professional Bureaucracy
- Bureaucratic characteristics
a) Division of labor and specialization: separate operation of elementary and secondary schools, subject-based curriculum operation, separation of teaching activities from administration
b) Hierarchy: superintendent - district education head ~ teacher
c) A basis in statutes and regulations, career orientation, impersonality
- Professional characteristics
a) Teachers are highly skilled experts
b) Discretion in instruction
c) A decentralized character through guaranteeing teachers' participation
d) Difficulty in setting unified standards for job performance
e) Certification is required
7. Organized Anarchy
1) Educational goals are unclear
2) The technology relating to inputs and outputs is unclear
3) Participants are characterized by fluidity
8. Loosely Coupled Organization
- In routine school management teachers are supervised, but teachers still hold much professional decision-making authority and their autonomy over classroom instruction is also very high. Therefore, control over teachers takes a loosely coupled form.
- Counselors and the principal are connected to some degree, but each is guaranteed its own identity and independence; their coupling is limited within their mutual influence, infrequent, unimportant, and slow to respond.
- Advantages
1) It allows the coexistence of heterogeneous elements within the school organization.
2) It can quickly take in new information from the outside.
3) It requires little expense for coordination between departments.
4) It grants school members discretion and self-determination.
5) It allows local adaptation of each department and grade-level organization.
9. Dual Organization
- Instruction has a loosely coupled structure, while administrative management has a tightly coupled structure
1) The professional domain related to school instruction is loosely coupled.
2) In school management activities the principal and teachers form a tight coupling, giving it bureaucratic characteristics.
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