Cognitive Styles

1. Field Dependence / Field Independence

1) Field dependence: Relies on external relevance, perceives information holistically or intuitively, grasps things together with externally set goals, and prefers learning with peers. (Learning with peers forms the field) -> Requires the presentation of concrete goals, and cooperative learning is advantageous.

2) Field independence: Perceives objects logically and analytically and is not influenced by external criticism. Is interested in abstract fields and prefers learning from unstructured materials. -> Unstructured problems + independent learning should be provided.

2. Impulsive / Reflective

1) Impulsive type: Approaches problem-solving simply, tends to process information quickly, shows active and sensory judgment, and is anxious and easily distracted. However, achievement tends to be lower and they are highly sensitive to rewards.

2) Reflective type: Shows a speculative, reflective, verbal, and analytical approach to problem-solving, and processes information slowly. Exhibits a cognitive structure that explores alternatives and examines multiple aspects. Achievement is relatively high, but the learning pace is slow.

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