Counseling Theories

1. Person-Centered Counseling

1) Emphasizes human potential, possibility, capacity for actualization, and tendencies
2) By offering the counselor's genuineness, unconditional respect and acceptance, and empathic understanding toward the client's experience, it can help with self-actualization.
3) Maladjustment is created by the incongruence between self-concept and experience.

2. Behavioral Counseling

- Focuses on resolving maladjustment and anxiety among human behaviors
1) Can be resolved through conditioning and reinforcement.
- Intermittent reinforcement / continuous, ongoing reinforcement / positive conditioning (the Premack principle) / negative conditioning (punishment)
- Systematic desensitization, deconditioning, assertiveness training
- Use of fading and implosive therapy

3) REBT - Ellis's Rational Emotive Cognitive counseling theory
- Counseling that aims to resolve irrational beliefs. The goal is to convert irrational beliefs into rational ones.
A: Activating event
B: Belief system - refers to the attitude an individual holds toward an event or action
C: emotional and behavioral Consequence
D: Disputing - disputing distorted thoughts or beliefs; this includes objectification, reattribution, self-observation of one's own behavior, etc.
E: Effect
Method: disputing irrational beliefs by assigning cognitive tasks

4) Cognitive Therapy (Beck)
- Identifying automatic thoughts or irrational beliefs, and identifying and resolving cognitive errors (black-and-white thinking, overgeneralization, selective abstraction, magnification or minimization, arbitrary inference).
- Treating dysfunctional cognitive schemas (a dysfunctional cognitive schema being the client's basic framework of thought that does not help with adapting to reality)

5) Reality Therapy Counseling
- It holds that problem behaviors arise because inner needs are not being met, and it seeks to fulfill those inner needs. Inner needs refer to belonging, power, freedom, survival, and so on.
Paradoxical technique: giving contradictory instructions to a client who resists carrying out a plan -> a method to enhance the client's sense of control and responsibility
Confrontation: a method to promote the client's acceptance of responsibility for their actions, making them aware of the discrepancy between their words and actions.
Using humor: enhancing the client's need for belonging through humor
Questioning: having the client think about what they want and check whether their behavior is heading in the right direction.
WDEP: standing for want, doing, evaluation, planning, this corresponds to exploring needs, focusing on current behavior, evaluating, and planning.

6) Gestalt Therapy
- Unresolved feelings and avoidance appear due to the confusion and maladjustment that arise from being unable to distinguish figure from ground.
- It has the client experience the 'I' of the here and now so that they can live by experiencing figure and ground
Awareness technique (becoming aware of one's environment)
Staying-with technique (not avoiding unresolved feelings)
Enactment technique

7) Holland - Career Counseling
Classifies people into 6 types
a) Realistic: the technician type
b) Social: the type that values cooperation with others, such as educators or counselors
c) Investigative: the analytical type, such as scientists
d) Enterprising: specialized in organizational or economic goals
e) Artistic: rich in expression and original
f) Conventional: specialized in systematic organization and the reproduction of data, such as accountants or librarians
- Strengths: provides direction through a typology of personality, helps structure career development, contributes to an individual's career development planning
- Weaknesses: it did not consider the client's potential for change, and its explanation of the career counseling process is insufficient.